Bibliography
[1]
European Machine Vision Association,
“Machine vision fundamentals: Outline and principles.” in
Machine vision fundamentals. European Machine Vision Association,
Barcelona, Spain, 2016. Accessed: Aug. 08, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.emva.org/education/machine-vision-fundamentals/
[2]
VDI/VDE/VDMA, “VDI/VDE/VDMA 2632
Blatt 2:2024-11: Machine vision—preparation of a requirement
specification and a system specification,” VDI Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure e.V., Dusseldorf, Germany, Standard VDI/VDE/VDMA 2632 Blatt
2:2024-11, 2024.
[3]
E.
R. Davies, Computer and machine vision: Theory, algorithms,
practicalities, 4th ed. Waltham, MA, USA: Academic Press/Elsevier,
2012.
[4]
British Machine Vision Association,
“Home.” BMVA. Accessed: Aug. 08, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://www.bmva.org/
[5]
International Organization for Standardization
and International Electrotechnical Commission, “ISO/IEC
22989:2022: Information technology—artificial
intelligence—artificial intelligence concepts and terminology,”
International Organization for Standardization/International
Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, International Standard
ISO/IEC 22989:2022, 2022.
[6]
Cognex Corp., “PatMax overview.”
Cognex Vision Library Documentation. Accessed: Aug. 08, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://support.cognex.com/docs/cvl_900/web/EN/cvl_vision_tools/Content/Topics/VisionTools/PatMax_Overview.htm
[7]
Cognex Corp.,
“TrainPatMaxPattern.” In-Sight Spreadsheet Vision Tools
Documentation. Accessed: Aug. 08, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://support.cognex.com/docs/is2d_2410/web/EN/InSight_Sheet/Content/Topics/Spreadsheet/VisionTools/TrainPatMaxPattern.htm
[8]
MVTec Software GmbH,
“Find_shape_model.” HALCON Operator Reference. Accessed:
Aug. 08, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.mvtec.com/doc/halcon/2105/en/find_shape_model.html
[9]
Advertising Standards Authority, “AI as a
marketing term report,” Advertising Standards Authority, London,
U.K., Nov. 2024. Accessed: Aug. 08, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.asa.org.uk/static/eb77bee0-a147-49b8-81856c3c83586bf2/AI-as-a-Marketing-Term-Report.pdf
[10]
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
“First digital image,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics/first-digital-image
[11]
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, “Computer
process brightens surveyor moon pictures,” 2026. Accessed: Aug.
09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/computer-process-brightens-surveyor-moon-pictures/
[12]
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, “Ranger
7,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-7/
[13]
L.
G. Roberts, “Machine perception of three-dimensional
solids,” PhD thesis, Dept. Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1963. Available: https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/11589
[14]
S.
Papert, “The summer vision project,” 1966. Available: https://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/idocs/AIM-100.pdf
[15]
W.
S. Boyle and G. E. Smith, “Charge coupled semiconductor
devices,” Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 49, no. 4,
pp. 587–593, 1970, doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1970.tb01790.x.
[16]
J.
Goodrich, “The first digital camera was the size of a
toaster,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/first-digital-camera-history
[17]
M.-K. Hu, “Visual pattern recognition by
moment invariants,” IRE Transactions on Information
Theory, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 179–187, 1962, doi: 10.1109/TIT.1962.1057692.
[18]
A.
Rosenfeld and J. L. Pfaltz, “Sequential operations in digital
picture processing,” Journal of the ACM, vol. 13, no. 4,
pp. 471–494, 1966, doi: 10.1145/321356.321357.
[19]
N.
Otsu, “A threshold selection method from gray-level
histograms,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 62–66, 1979, doi: 10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076.
[20]
D.
H. Ballard, “Generalizing the hough transform to detect arbitrary
shapes,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 13, no. 2, pp.
111–122, 1981, doi: 10.1016/0031-3203(81)90009-1.
[21]
M.
A. Fischler and R. C. Bolles, “Random sample consensus: A paradigm
for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated
cartography,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 24, no. 6,
pp. 381–395, 1981, doi: 10.1145/358669.358692.
[22]
J.
Canny, “A computational approach to edge detection,”
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,
vol. PAMI–8, no. 6, pp. 679–698, 1986, doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.1986.4767851.
[23]
C.
Harris and M. Stephens, “A combined corner and edge
detector,” in In proceedings of the 4th alvey vision
conference, manchester, u.k., 1988, pp. 147–151. doi: 10.5244/C.2.23.
[24]
K.
Pearson, “LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of
points in space,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 2, no. 11, pp.
559–572, 1901, doi: 10.1080/14786440109462720.
[25]
M.
Turk and A. Pentland, “Eigenfaces for recognition,”
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 71–86,
1991, doi: 10.1162/jocn.1991.3.1.71.
[26]
D.
Marr, Vision: A computational investigation into the human
representation and processing of visual information. 1982.
[27]
D.
E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton, and R. J. Williams, “Learning
representations by back-propagating errors,” Nature,
vol. 323, pp. 533–536, 1986, doi: 10.1038/323533a0.
[28]
SRI International, “Shakey the
robot,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.sri.com/hoi/shakey-the-robot/
[29]
Stanford University, “Stanford’s robotics
legacy,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/01/stanfords-robotics-legacy
[30]
International Federation of Robotics,
“Robot history - 1983: Flexible automated assembly lines,”
2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://ifr.org/robot-history
[31]
R.
Y. Tsai and R. K. Lenz, “A new technique for fully autonomous and
efficient 3D robotics hand/eye calibration,” IEEE
Transactions on Robotics and Automation, vol. 5, no. 3, pp.
345–358, 1989, doi: 10.1109/70.34770.
[32]
P.
J. Besl and N. D. McKay, “A method for registration of 3-d
shapes,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 239–256, 1992, doi: 10.1109/34.121791.
[33]
S.
Hutchinson, G. D. Hager, and P. I. Corke, “A tutorial on visual
servo control,” IEEE Transactions on Robotics and
Automation, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 651–670, 1996, doi: 10.1109/70.538972.
[34]
E.
R. Fossum, “CMOS image sensors: Electronic
camera-on-a-chip,” IEEE Transactions on Electron
Devices, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1689–1698, 1997, doi: 10.1109/16.628824.
[35]
Y.
LeCun, L. Bottou, Y. Bengio, and P. Haffner, “Gradient-based
learning applied to document recognition,” Proceedings of the
IEEE, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 2278–2324, 1998, doi: 10.1109/5.726791.
[36]
P.
Viola and M. Jones, “Rapid object detection using a boosted
cascade of simple features,” in In proc. 2001 IEEE computer
society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR),
kauai, HI, USA, 2001, pp. I-511-I-518. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2001.990517.
[37]
D.
G. Lowe, “Distinctive image features from scale-invariant
keypoints,” International Journal of Computer Vision,
vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 91–110, 2004, doi: 10.1023/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94.
[38]
J.
Deng, W. Dong, R. Socher, L.-J. Li, K. Li, and L. Fei-Fei,
“ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database,” in
In proc. 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern
recognition, miami, FL, USA, 2009, pp. 248–255. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848.
[39]
A.
Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton, “ImageNet
classification with deep convolutional neural networks,” 2026.
Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2012/hash/c399862d3b9d6b76c8436e924a68c45b-Abstract.html
[40]
R.
Girshick, J. Donahue, T. Darrell, and J. Malik, “Rich feature
hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic
segmentation,” in In 2014 IEEE conference on computer vision
and pattern recognition, columbus, OH, USA, 2014, pp. 580–587. doi:
10.1109/CVPR.2014.81.
[41]
O.
Ronneberger, P. Fischer, and T. Brox, “U-net: Convolutional
networks for biomedical image segmentation,” pp. 234–241, 2015.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28.
[42]
K.
He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep residual learning for
image recognition,” in In 2016 IEEE conference on computer
vision and pattern recognition, las vegas, NV, USA, 2016, pp.
770–778. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2016.90.
[43]
J.
Redmon, S. Divvala, R. Girshick, and A. Farhadi, “You only look
once: Unified, real-time object detection,” in In 2016 IEEE
conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, las vegas, NV,
USA, 2016, pp. 779–788. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2016.91.
[44]
A. D. et al.,
“An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition
at scale,” in In international conference on learning
representations (ICLR), 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://openreview.net/forum?id=YicbFdNTTy
[45]
OpenCV, “Anniversary: 25 years of
OpenCV,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://opencv.org/anniversary/
[46]
S.
Pichai, “TensorFlow: Smarter machine learning, for
everyone,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/tensorflow-smarter-machine-learning-for/
[47]
M. A. et al.,
“TensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous
systems,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.tensorflow.org/about/bib
[48]
PyTorch Team, “PyTorch, a year
in...,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://pytorch.org/blog/a-year-in/
[49]
PyTorch Team, “PyTorch strengthens its
governance by joining the linux foundation,” 2026. Accessed: Aug.
09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://pytorch.org/blog/PyTorchfoundation/
[50]
Association for Advancing Automation, “A
look at smart cameras and vision sensors,” 2026. Accessed: Aug.
09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/industry-insights/a-look-at-smart-cameras-and-vision-sensors
[51]
Automated Imaging Association, “AIA
announces 2004-2005 events,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/news/aia-announces-2004-2005-events
[52]
Association for Advancing Automation,
“The latest advancements in vision standards,” 2026.
Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/industry-insights/latest-advancements-vision-standards
[53]
European Machine Vision Association,
“EMVA standard 1288 - introduction,” 2026. Accessed: Aug.
09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.emva.org/standards-technology/emva-1288/emva-standard-1288/
[54]
European Machine Vision Association,
“GenICam history,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.emva.org/standards-technology/genicam/genicam-history/
[55]
LMI Technologies, “LMI technologies
launches new gocator all-in-one 3D smart snapshot sensor,” 2026.
Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://lmi3d.com/news/lmi-technologies-launches-new-gocator-all-in-one-3d-smart-snapshot-sensor/
[56]
Cognex Corporation, “Cognex introduces
world’s first industrial smart camera powered by deep learning,”
2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.cognex.com/en-in/company/press-releases/2020/cognex-introduces-first-industrial-smart-camera-powered-by-deep-learning
[57]
OMRON Corporation, “OMRON releases FH
series vision system with industry’s first defect detection AI,”
2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.omron.com/global/en/news/2020/06/c0629.html
[58]
Micro-Epsilon Messtechnik GmbH & Co. KG,
“Micro-epsilon history,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.micro-epsilon.com/company/history/
[59]
KEYENCE Corporation of America, “About us
- timeline,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://www.keyence.com/about-us/
[60]
National Instruments, “The measurement
revolution - timeline,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.ni.com/nati/annual/00/timeline
[61]
Matrox Video, “History of
innovation,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://video.matrox.com/en/about/history-of-innovation
[62]
Teledyne DALSA, “DALSA reinforces
leadership in 4K motion picture capture...,” 2026. Accessed: Aug.
09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.teledynedalsa.com/en/news/newsroom/dalsa-reinforces-leadership-in-4k-motion-picture-capture-with-introduction-of-new-camera-models-on-board-data-recorder-and-anamorphic-lenses/
[63]
Cognex Corporation, “Cognex
history,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.cognex.com/en-cz/company/history
[64]
Association for Advancing Automation,
“Robotic vision advances center around software, technology
leaps,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/industry-insights/robotic-vision-advances-center-around-software-technology-leaps
[65]
Basler AG, “Milestones,” 2026.
Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.baslerweb.com/en-us/company/milestones/
[66]
National Instruments, 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/322363b.pdf
[67]
Automated Imaging Association, “Smart
vision sensors,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/industry-insights/smart-vision-sensors-consultancy
[68]
Vision Components GmbH, “Embedded vision:
A success story,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.vision-components.com/en/embedded-vision-a-success-story/
[69]
MVTec Software GmbH, “Press material -
company profile,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.mvtec.com/press/press-material
[70]
“Machine-vision system comes
compact,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.vision-systems.com/cameras-accessories/article/16739848/machine-vision-system-comes-compact
[71]
Association for Advancing Automation,
“Smart cameras: The last step in machine vision
evolution?,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://www.automate.org/vision/industry-insights/smart-cameras-the-last-step-in-machine-vision-evolution
[72]
Cognex Corporation, “Cognex enters the
machine vision sensor business,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/news/cognex-enters-the-machine-vision-sensor-business
[73]
Cognex Corporation, “Annual report 2004,
natick, MA, USA, 2005. [online].” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/c/NASDAQ_CGNX_2004.pdf
[74]
Cognex Corporation, 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/851205/000095013502001368/b41828cce10-k.htm
[75]
Cognex Corporation, “Robot communications
- kuka robot controller - serial,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://docs.cognex.com/is_611/web/EN/ise/Content/Communications_Reference/Kuka_Communications_Serial.htm
[76]
“Matrox imaging introduces programmable
smart camera,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.edn.com/matrox-imaging-introduces-programmable-smart-camera/
[77]
“Smart cameras get remote heads,”
2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.edn.com/smart-cameras-get-remote-heads/
[78]
FANUC Robotics, “FANUC robotics
introduces robot vision system,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.automation.com/article/fanuc-robotics-introduces-robot-vision-system
[79]
KEYENCE Corporation of America, “Vision
system with built-in AI - VS series,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.keyence.com/products/vision/vision-sys/vs/
[80]
Teledyne Technologies Incorporated and DALSA
Corporation, “Teledyne and DALSA complete plan of
arrangement,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://www.teledyne.com/en-us/news/Pages/teledyne-and-dalsa-complete-plan-of-arrangement.aspx
[81]
Cognex Corporation, “Vision guided
robotics - KUKA,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.cognex.com/industries/vision-guided-robotics
[82]
KUKA Roboter GmbH, 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1647894/Kuka-Visiontech-2-1.html
[83]
Cognex Corporation, “Cognex acquires
maker of deep learning software for industrial machine vision,”
2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://investor.cognex.com/news/news-details/2017/Cognex-Acquires-Maker-of-Deep-Learning-Software-for-Industrial-Machine-Vision/default.aspx
[84]
OMRON Corporation, “OMRON to introduce
FHV7-series smart camera with world’s first multi-color light and 12
mpix image sensor,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.omron.com/media/press/2018/11/c1105.html
[85]
Zebra Technologies Corporation, “Zebra
technologies completes acquisition of matrox imaging,” 2026.
Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://investors.zebra.com/news-and-events/news/news-details/2022/Zebra-Technologies-Completes-Acquisition-of-Matrox-Imaging/default.aspx
[86]
National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution, “Supermarket scanner,” 2026.
Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_892778
[87]
DENSO WAVE INCORPORATED, “QR code
development story,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.denso-wave.com/en/technology/vol1.html
[88]
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory,
“The trojan room coffee pot timeline,” 2026. Accessed: Aug.
09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/qsf/timeline.html
[89]
P.
M. Corcoran, P. Bigioi, E. Steinberg, and A. Pososin, “Automated
in-camera detection of flash-eye defects,” IEEE Transactions
on Consumer Electronics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 11–17, 2005, doi: 10.1109/TCE.2005.1405692.
[90]
Microsoft, “The future of entertainment
starts today as kinect for xbox 360 leaps and lands at retailers
nationwide,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://news.microsoft.com/source/2010/11/04/the-future-of-entertainment-starts-today-as-kinect-for-xbox-360-leaps-and-lands-at-retailers-nationwide/
[91]
Guinness World Records, “Fastest-selling
gaming peripheral.” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-selling-gaming-peripheral
[92]
Google, “Picture this: A fresh approach
to photos,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/photos/picture-this-fresh-approach-to-photos/
[93]
Apple, “The future is here: iPhone
x,” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.apple.com/uk/newsroom/2017/09/the-future-is-here-iphone-x/
[94]
M. D. A. et al.,
“Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for
detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices,”
npj Digital Medicine, vol. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41746-018-0040-6.
[95]
J.
Beyerer, F. Puente León, and C. Frese, Machine vision: Automated
visual inspection: Theory, practice and applications. Springer
Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-47794-6.
[96]
C.
Stokes, “Automation technologies drive change in medical device
manufacturing.” Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/industry-insights/medical-device-manufacturing-automation
[97]
Overview AI, “Machine vision vs. AI
vision for quality control.” Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.overview.ai/blog/machine-vision-vs-ai-vision-quality-control/
[98]
J.
Zanon Diaz, M. A. Farooq, and P. Corcoran, “Automatic inspection
of seal integrity in sterile barrier packaging: A deep learning
approach,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 22904–22927, 2024,
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3348779.
[99]
J.
Zanon Diaz and P. Corcoran, “Surface seal image dataset of sterile
barrier packaging,” Data in Brief, vol. 57, p. 110996,
2024, doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110996.
[100]
KEYENCE Corporation, “3D vision-guided
robotic bin picking.” Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.keyence.com/products/vision/applications/3d-vision-guided-robotic-bin-picking.jsp
[101]
AIMS Industrial, “Vision measuring
system: CNC video metrology guide.” Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://aimsindustrial.com.au/blogs/product-guides/vision-measuring-system-guide
[102]
International Organization for Standardization,
Geometrical product specifications (GPS)—acceptance and
reverification tests for coordinate measuring machines (CMM)—part 7:
CMMs equipped with imaging probing systems. International
Organization for Standardization, 2011.
[103]
Cognex Corporation, “UDI marking and
verification for medical devices.” Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.cognex.com/en/applications/barcode-scanning-and-tracking/udi-marking-and-verification-for-medical-devices
[104]
KEYENCE Corporation, “Optical character
reading (OCR) and 1D/2D code verification.” Accessed: Aug. 09,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.keyence.com/products/vision/applications/ocr-verification-and-character-inspection.jsp
[105]
TechnoMark, “What is data matrix
ECC200?” Accessed: Aug. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.technomark-inc.com/cracking-the-code-what-is-datamatrix-ecc200/
[106]
International Organization for Standardization,
Sampling procedures for inspection by variables—part 1:
Specification for single sampling plans indexed by acceptance quality
limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection for a single quality
characteristic and a single AQL. International Organization for
Standardization, 2022.
[107]
International Organization for Standardization,
Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes—part 1: Sampling
schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot
inspection. International Organization for Standardization,
1999.
[108]
Association for Advancing Automation,
“Smart cameras vs. PC-based machine vision systems.” A3
Vision & Imaging, 2002. Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/industry-insights/smart-cameras-vs-pc-based-machine-vision-systems/aph
[109]
Association for Advancing Automation,
“Smart cameras.” Automation Products. Accessed: Aug. 18,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/products/smart-cameras
[110]
Cognex Corp., “Cognex launches highest
performance embedded AI vision system powered by qualcomm.” 2026.
Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://investor.cognex.com/news/news-details/2026/Cognex-Launches-Highest-Performance-Embedded-AI-Vision-System-Powered-by-Qualcomm/default.aspx
[111]
Zebra Technologies Corp., “Iris GTX smart
camera.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.zebra.com/us/en/products/industrial-machine-vision-fixed-scanners/smart-sensors-and-cameras/iris-gtx.html
[112]
OMRON Corp., “FHV7 series smart camera:
specifications.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.ia.omron.com/products/family/3740/specification.html
[113]
SICK AG, “InspectorP62x product
overview.” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.sick.com/media/productoverview/6/66/066/productoverview_InspectorP62x_g507066_en.pdf
[114]
Teledyne DALSA, “BOA pro for industrial
inspection applications.” Oct. 20, 2011. Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.teledynedalsa.com/en/news/newsroom/press-release-teledyne-dalsa-launches-boa-pro-for-industrial-inspection-applications/
[115]
LMI Technologies, “Gocator 3D smart
sensors.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://lmi3d.com/3d-smart-sensors/
[116]
Micro-Epsilon, “scanCONTROL configuration
tools - easy setup for scanCONTROL laser scanners.” Accessed:
Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.micro-epsilon.com/2d-3d-measurement/laser-profile-scanners/software/configuration-tools/
[117]
Baumer Group, “AX smart cameras
OS/software package.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.baumer.com/int/en/product-overview/industrial-cameras-image-processing/software/baumer-ax-smart-cameras-os-software-package/c/45079
[118]
Vision Components GmbH, “VC-z HALCON
image acquisition interface: How to run the vision application inside
the camera.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.vision-components.com/fileadmin/external/documentation/software/lib/hacqvcz/a00106.html
[119]
KEYENCE Corp., “Intuitive vision system -
CV-x series.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.keyence.com/products/vision/vision-sys/cv-x100/
[120]
OMRON Corp., “FH series vision system:
specifications.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.ia.omron.com/products/family/3210/specification.html
[121]
Cognex Corp., “In-sight 6900 series
vision controller.” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://docs.cognex.com/isvs_2610/web/EN/is6900-manual/Default.htm
[122]
Zebra Technologies Corp., “4Sight vision
controllers.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.zebra.com/us/en/products/industrial-machine-vision-fixed-scanners/vision-controllers/4sight-series.html
[123]
Zebra Technologies Corp., “Aurora design
assistant.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.zebra.com/us/en/software/fact-sheets/machine-vision-and-fixed-industrial-scanning-software/aurora-design-assistant.html
[124]
MVTec Software GmbH, “Embedded vision
solutions.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.mvtec.com/products/embedded-vision
[125]
NI, “Vision development module.”
Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.ni.com/en/support/downloads/software-products/download.vision-development-module.html
[126]
Teledyne DALSA, “Sherlock supported
hardware.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.teledynedalsa.com/en/products/imaging/vision-software/sherlock/supported-hardware/
[127]
NVIDIA Corp., “Triton inference server -
model configuration and model repository.” Accessed: Aug. 18,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/triton-inference-server/user-guide/docs/user_guide/model_configuration.html
[128]
European Parliament and Council of the European
Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, art. 72, post-market monitoring
by providers and post-market monitoring plan for high-risk AI
systems.” 2024. Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng
[129]
Amazon Web Services, “Real-time inference
- amazon SageMaker AI.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/latest/dg/realtime-endpoints.html
[130]
Amazon Web Services, “Deploy models with
amazon SageMaker serverless inference.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/latest/dg/serverless-endpoints.html
[131]
Microsoft, “Online endpoints for
real-time inference - azure machine learning.” Accessed: Aug. 18,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/concept-endpoints-online?view=azureml-api-2
[132]
Google Cloud, “Vertex AI:
endpoints.directRawPredict.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://docs.cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/docs/reference/rest/v1/projects.locations.endpoints/directRawPredict
[133]
LandingAI, “LandingLens deployment
options.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://landinglens.docs.landing.ai/deployment-options
[134]
LandingAI, “Andrew ng - executive
chairman and founder.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://landing.ai/leadership/andrew-ng
[135]
Voxel51, “FiftyOne model zoo
overview.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://docs.voxel51.com/model_zoo/overview.html
[136]
Amazon Web Services, “Perform machine
learning inference - AWS IoT greengrass.” Accessed: Aug. 18,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/greengrass/v2/developerguide/perform-machine-learning-inference.html
[137]
Amazon Web Services, “Artificial
intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) - MES on AWS prescriptive
guidance.” Accessed: Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/prescriptive-guidance/latest/mes-on-aws/ai-ml.html
[138]
Cognex Corp., “Cognex OneVision adoption
ramps as manufacturers scale AI vision globally.” 2026. Accessed:
Aug. 18, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://investor.cognex.com/news/news-details/2026/Cognex-OneVision-Adoption-Ramps-as-Manufacturers-Scale-AI-Vision-Globally/default.aspx
[139]
Association for Advancing Automation (A3),
“Components of machine vision systems.” Vision &
Imaging Blog, Jun. 28, 2016. Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/blogs/components-of-machine-vision-systems
[140]
IDS Imaging Development Systems,
“Trigger, flash & co in industrial cameras.” A3 Vision
& Imaging Videos, Apr. 23, 2026. Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/videos/trigger-flash-and-co-in-industrial-cameras
[141]
Cognex Corporation, “Machine vision
lighting techniques that actually improve camera performance.”
Cognex Resource Center, 2026. Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026. [Online].
Available: https://www.cognex.com/en/tools-and-resources/resource-center/machine-vision-lighting-techniques
[142]
Cognex Corporation, “Vision-guided
robotics for industrial automation.” Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.cognex.com/en/applications/guidance-and-alignment/vision-guided-robotics-for-industrial-automation
[143]
S. Wang, R. Veldhuis, C. Brune, and N.
Strisciuglio, “A survey on the robustness of computer vision
models against common corruptions,” arXiv preprint
arXiv:2305.06024, 2024, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2305.06024.
[144]
A. Silwal, T. Parhar, F. Yandun, and G. Kantor,
“A robust illumination-invariant camera system for agricultural
applications,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.02190, 2021,
doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2101.02190.
[145]
R. Szeliski, Computer vision: Algorithms
and applications, 2nd ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022. doi:
10.1007/978-3-030-34372-9.
[146]
Association for Advancing Automation (A3),
“Certified vision professional program.” Accessed: Aug. 19,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/vision-certifications/certified-vision-professional
[147]
Association for Advancing Automation (A3),
“Course list for the certified vision professional (CVP) basic
program.” Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/certified-vision-professional/cvp-basic-course-list
[148]
Association for Advancing Automation (A3),
“Course list for the certified vision professional (CVP) advanced
program.” Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/certified-vision-professional/cvp-advanced-course-list
[149]
Association for Advancing Automation (A3),
“Certified system integrator program.” Accessed: Aug. 19,
2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.automate.org/vision/vision-certifications/certified-system-integrator-program
[150]
European Machine Vision Association (EMVA),
“EMVA 1288 certification.” Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026.
[Online]. Available: https://www.emva.org/standards-technology/emva-1288/emva-1288-certfication-2/
[151]
European Machine Vision Association (EMVA),
“GenICam.” Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.emva.org/standards-technology/genicam/
[152]
International Organization for Standardization,
“ISO/DIS 24942: Cameras and image sensors
used for machine vision applications — Method to measure, compute and
present specification parameters and characterization
data.” 2026. Accessed: Aug. 19, 2026. [Online]. Available:
https://www.iso.org/standard/88592.html
[153]
Opto Engineering, “360° view
lenses.” Accessed: Aug. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.opto-e.com/en/products/360-view-lenses