6  Image sensors and cameras

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6.1 Sensor technologies

6.1.1 CCD architecture and readout

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6.1.2 CMOS architecture: global vs rolling shutter

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6.1.3 Line-scan and TDI sensors

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6.1.4 SPAD, event-based and neuromorphic sensors

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6.1.5 Multispectral and hyperspectral sensor architectures

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6.2 Sensor performance and noise

6.2.1 Quantum efficiency and spectral response

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6.2.2 Read noise, shot noise, dark current, fixed-pattern noise

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6.2.3 Dynamic range and bit depth

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6.2.4 Full-well capacity and saturation

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6.2.5 Signal-to-noise budgeting

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6.3 Sampling, resolution and colour acquisition

6.3.1 Pixel pitch, sensor size and effective resolution

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6.3.2 Bayer patterns and demosaicing

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6.3.3 3-CCD and multi-sensor colour

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6.3.4 Monochrome versus colour trade-offs

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6.4 Camera interfaces and image transport

6.4.1 Interface selection criteria: bandwidth, cable length, CPU load, cost

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6.4.2 USB3 Vision: bandwidth, cable limits and use cases

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6.4.4 Legacy and niche interfaces: FireWire, analogue, MIPI CSI

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6.4.5 Triggering, exposure control and time stamping

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6.5 GigE Vision in depth

6.5.1 Generational bandwidth: 1, 5, 10 and 25 GbE and practical reach

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6.5.2 The GigE Vision protocol: discovery, stream and control channels

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6.5.3 Network configuration: jumbo packets, dedicated NICs, receive buffers

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6.5.4 Multi-camera topologies, switches and bandwidth budgeting

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6.5.5 Power over Ethernet and cabling

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6.5.6 GenICam and cross-vendor interoperability

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6.6 Selecting a camera and interface

6.6.1 From resolution and speed requirement to sensor choice

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6.6.2 Matching interface to bandwidth, distance and architecture

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6.6.3 Area-scan versus line-scan decision

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6.6.4 A camera-and-interface selection workflow

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