4 Optics and lens systems
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4.1 Geometric optics
4.1.1 The pinhole model
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4.1.2 Thin- and thick-lens models
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4.1.3 Focal length, f-number, aperture
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4.1.4 Field of view and working distance
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4.1.5 Depth of field and hyperfocal distance
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4.2 Real lens behaviour
4.2.1 Spherical and chromatic aberration
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4.2.2 Geometric distortion: radial and tangential
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4.2.3 Vignetting and cos⁴ fall-off
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4.2.4 Modulation transfer function and resolving power
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4.2.5 Diffraction limit
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4.3 Specialty optics
4.3.1 Telecentric lenses for metrology
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4.3.2 Macro and micro imaging
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4.3.3 Line-scan and Scheimpflug configurations
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4.3.4 Liquid and variable-focus lenses
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4.4 Optical filters
4.4.1 Bandpass, longpass and shortpass filters
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4.4.2 Polarising filters in imaging
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4.4.3 Neutral density, UV cut and IR cut filters
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4.4.4 Interference filters and dichroic elements
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4.4.5 Filter placement and stacking
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4.5 Selecting an optical configuration
4.5.1 Matching focal length to sensor size, FOV and working distance
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4.5.2 Resolution and DOF budgeting from the feature specification
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4.5.3 When telecentricity, filtering or specialty optics are required
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4.5.4 Mount standards and mechanical envelope: C, CS, F, M42, S-mount
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4.5.5 A lens-selection workflow, cross-referenced to Chapters 2 and 5
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