5  Illumination for vision

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5.1 Illumination principles

5.1.1 Light and geometry as the first solution

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5.1.2 Contrast, feature enhancement and defect visibility

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5.1.3 The lighting-first design method

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5.2 Illumination geometries

5.2.1 Frontal and diffuse illumination

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5.2.2 Directional and grazing illumination

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5.2.3 Backlighting for silhouettes and dimensioning

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5.2.4 Coaxial (on-axis) illumination

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5.2.5 Dome and cloudy-day illumination

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5.2.6 Dark-field illumination

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5.2.7 Structured light

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5.3 Light sources

5.3.1 LEDs: colour, drive, lifetime, thermal management

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5.3.2 Fluorescent, halogen and xenon sources

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5.3.3 Laser sources and safety classes

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5.3.4 Continuous, strobed and pulsed operation

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5.4 Wavelength selection

5.4.1 Visible-band choices and colour separation

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5.4.2 Near-infrared imaging

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5.4.3 Ultraviolet imaging

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5.4.4 Short-wave infrared and thermal imaging

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5.4.5 Multispectral and hyperspectral approaches

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5.5 Environmental integration

5.5.1 Ambient light rejection

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5.5.2 Enclosures, shrouds and shielding

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5.5.3 Vibration, contamination and thermal drift

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5.6 Designing an illumination solution

5.6.1 Characterising the feature and the surface

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5.6.2 Single-plane versus multi-plane and 3D features

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5.6.3 Edge visibility for measurement versus contrast for detection

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5.6.4 Matching geometry to task: a decision guide

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5.6.5 Combining geometry, wavelength and filtering

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5.6.6 Worked examples: from part to lighting choice

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