3  Light, colour and radiometry

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3.1 Physical foundations of light

3.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum and the visible band

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3.1.2 Radiometric quantities: radiant flux, irradiance, radiance

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3.1.3 Photometric quantities and the photopic response

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3.1.4 The inverse-square law and cosine law

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3.2 Interaction of light with matter

3.2.1 Specular and diffuse reflection; the BRDF

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3.2.2 Transmission, refraction and Snell’s law

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3.2.3 Absorption and fluorescence

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3.2.4 Scattering and translucency

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3.2.5 Implications for surface inspection

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3.3 Colour

3.3.1 Trichromacy and the human visual system

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3.3.2 Colour matching and the CIE XYZ system

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3.3.3 Working colour spaces: RGB, sRGB, HSV, HSL, Lab

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3.3.4 Colour temperature and illuminants

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3.3.5 White balance and colour constancy

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3.4 Polarisation

3.4.1 States of polarisation and Stokes parameters

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3.4.2 Polarisers, retarders and the Fresnel equations

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3.4.3 Polarisation-resolving sensors

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3.4.4 Industrial uses: glare suppression, stress imaging, transparent-material inspection

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