9  Segmentation, morphology and blob analysis

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9.1 Thresholding methods

9.1.1 Global thresholds and manual selection

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9.1.2 Otsu’s method

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9.1.3 Adaptive and locally-adaptive thresholding

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9.1.4 Multi-level and hysteresis thresholding

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9.2 Region-based segmentation

9.2.1 Region growing and merging

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9.2.2 Watershed segmentation

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9.2.3 Superpixels: SLIC and successors

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9.2.4 Graph-cut segmentation

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9.3 Edge-based segmentation

9.3.1 The Canny detector

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9.3.2 Edge linking and boundary tracing

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9.3.3 Active contours (snakes) and level sets

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9.4 Mathematical morphology

9.4.1 Structuring elements

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9.4.2 Erosion and dilation

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9.4.3 Opening and closing

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9.4.4 Hit-or-miss transform and skeletonisation

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9.4.5 Distance transforms and reconstruction

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9.4.6 Greyscale morphology

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9.5 Connected-components and blob analysis

9.5.1 Connectivity and labelling algorithms

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9.5.2 Region properties: area, perimeter, centroid

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9.5.3 Geometric moments and Hu invariants

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9.5.4 Shape descriptors: circularity, eccentricity, compactness

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9.5.5 Filtering blobs by property

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9.6 Choosing a segmentation approach

9.6.1 Thresholding versus region versus edge versus learned

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9.6.2 Reliability under illumination and contrast variation

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9.6.3 Combining segmentation with morphological clean-up

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